While reading a chapter from a 2024 book on restoring biodiversity in post-industrial land earlier this month, an ecologist came across a reference to a study on rewilding she wanted to look up.
But the ecologist, who has asked to remain anonymous for fear of retaliation from the chapter authors, couldn’t find a record of the 2020 paper, purportedly published in Ambio by “Knijn et al.” She decided to check the other references. She told Retraction Watch she found at least eight that didn’t exist.
The ecologist flagged the issue to the book’s publisher, Wiley, on September 7 but told us she never heard back, aside from an automated response.
A Wiley spokesperson told us the publisher “takes integrity seriously and investigates all concerns when they are flagged to us.” They said Wiley would “take appropriate measures once the investigation has concluded.”
The publisher owned Edifix, a reference-checking service, from 2019 until it was acquired by another company earlier this year. The spokesperson did not answer our question asking whether books, including this one, were run through the program, but said Wiley “has published AI use guidelines for book authors and safeguards the integrity and quality of the books we publish through established checks at three stages: book proposal, contracting, and manuscript review and development. Edifix is not one of the tools that we currently use.”
The Wiley representative did not respond when we asked if the publisher was aware of issues with the book chapter before we contacted them last week.
Bhanu Pandey, one of the four authors of the chapter in the book, Restoring Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services on Post-Industrial Land, told us he wasn’t aware of the fake citations before we reached out. All four authors were researchers at CSIR-Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research in Jharkhand, India, at the time of the study.
Bhanu Pandey told us first author, Sameer Shekhar, “took the lead in compiling the chapter materials and coordinating the submission.” He said he is looking into the book chapter and planning to submit a request for a correction to Wiley: “Where a citation is inaccurate or the associated statement is unsupported, I will propose the appropriate correction, revision, or removal and submit it to the chapter editor and publisher through their formal editorial process.”
None of the other authors responded to our request for comment, including Shekhar, who we reached out to multiple times on both his professional and personal email addresses.
Vimal Chandra Pandey (no relation to Bhanu), a researcher at CSIR’s National Botanical Research Institute, edited the book. He told us he would “check in this regard” but did not answer questions asking how the fake references may have been overlooked. Wiley’s page on potential conflicts for editors says they “must refrain from handling manuscripts if they have a COI, like a professional or personal relationship with the authors.”
Other publishers have dealt with similar cases: After retracting a book on machine learning containing non-existent references following our coverage of the case, Springer Nature said in June they would begin issuing expressions of concern for books. In October, research integrity specialist Michał Wójcik wrote a Python script to identify several books with fake citations, which can be a sign of misuse of large language models.
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